This document is a categorized reference list of the major laws, regulations, and frameworks that shape the People’s Republic of China (PRC), Hong Kong, and Russia’s contemporary national-security and counter-espionage environment.

US and allied export controls are failing to stop critical microelectronics from reaching sanctioned adversaries like Russia and Iran. Weak supply chain oversight, inconsistent due diligence, and industry resistance to stricter controls have enabled a global gray market for these components, undermining national security and costing American lives.

This paper analyzes the widespread availability of US components used in Russian unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), and specifically:

• documents the methodology used to track critical components and their
  distribution channels;

• presents four detailed findings that reveal significant vulnerabilities in the semiconductor supply chain and distribution networks; and

• offers five practical recommendations for government and industry to help disrupt the flow of US technology to adversary states.